What religion was the first to give women - Islam ( / ˈɪslɑːm /; Arabic: ۘالِإسْلَام, al-ʾIslām [ʔɪsˈlæːm] i, transl. "Submission [to the will of God ]") [2] [3] [4] is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion centered on the Quran and the teachings of Muhammad. [5] [6] Adherents of Islam, called Muslims, [7] number approximately 2 billion globally and are the world's ...

 
The first and foremost of these is a belief in the Vedas – four texts compiled between the 15th and 5th centuries BCE on the Indian subcontinent, and the faith’s oldest scriptures – which make Hinduism without doubt the oldest religion in existence. It has since evolved into a diverse and flexible tradition, notable, as the scholar Wendy .... John sullivan

Church membership in the U.S. has fallen below the majority for the first time in nearly a century. The proportion of Americans who consider themselves members of a church, synagogue or mosque has ...South Australia first granted women suffrage and allowed them to stand for parliament in 1894. In 1906, the autonomous Grand Principality of Finland became the first territory to give women full political rights, i.e. both the right to vote and to run for office, and was the second in the world and the first in Europe to give women the right to ...First Pilgrimage ("lesser" pilgrimage or "umrah") made by Muhammad and his Muslims to Mecca after migrating to Medina. 629 CE Battle of Mu'tah: Muslims attempt to capture the village east of the Jordan River from the Byzantine Empire to show their expanding dominance, resulting in a Muslim defeat. Buddhism is a religion that was founded by Siddhartha Gautama (“The Buddha”) more than 2,500 years ago in India. ... first built in A.D. 242. ... He decided to give up his lavish lifestyle and ...Jul 13, 2022 · Updated on July 13, 2022. The Bible's Eve was the first woman on earth, the first wife, and the first mother. She is known as the "Mother of All the Living." Even though her accomplishments are remarkable, little else is known about Eve. Moses ’ account of the first couple is strikingly sparse. We must assume God had a reason for that lack of ... First Pilgrimage ("lesser" pilgrimage or "umrah") made by Muhammad and his Muslims to Mecca after migrating to Medina. 629 CE Battle of Mu'tah: Muslims attempt to capture the village east of the Jordan River from the Byzantine Empire to show their expanding dominance, resulting in a Muslim defeat. A woman is an adult female human. [a] [1] [2] Prior to adulthood, a female human is referred to as a girl (a female child or adolescent ). [3] Typically, women inherit a pair of X chromosomes, one from each parent, and are capable of pregnancy and giving birth from puberty until menopause. More generally, sex differentiation of the female fetus ... Puritanism, a religious reform movement in the late 16th and 17th centuries that was known for the intensity of the religious experience that it fostered. Puritans’ efforts contributed to both civil war in England and the founding of colonies in America. Learn more about Puritanism, its history, and beliefs.Nov 7, 2022 · In today's post, we are on a quest to locate and name the seven oldest religions on Earth. So buckle up; it is going to be a bumpy ride! 1. Hinduism (15th – 5th century BCE) A Hindu sadhu boating in the Ganges River of Varanasi, India, a major pilgrimage site for the Hindus. Hinduism is generally believed to be the world's oldest religion and ... Zoroastrianism, ancient pre- Islamic religion of Iran that survives there in isolated areas and, more prosperously, in India, where the descendants of Zoroastrian Iranian (Persian) immigrants are known as Parsis, or Parsees. The Iranian prophet and religious reformer Zarathushtra (flourished before the 6th century bce )—more widely known ...Women in Church history have played a variety of roles in the life of Christianity—notably as contemplatives, health care givers, educationalists and missionaries. Until recent times, women were generally excluded from episcopal and clerical positions within the certain Christian churches; however, great numbers of women have been influential in the life of the church, from contemporaries of ...The main god and goddesses in Roman culture were Jupiter, Juno, and Minerva. Jupiter was a sky-god who Romans believed oversaw all aspects of life; he is thought to have originated from the Greek god Zeus. Jupiter also concentrated on protecting the Roman state. Military commanders would pay homage to Jupiter at his temple after winning in battle.Wicca is a broad movement with much internal diversity in its beliefs and practices, in large part because of the absence of any single leader or centralized governing body. Within Wiccan groups it is often considered more important for all members to follow the same ritual procedures than to believe the same thing. Died: Khadījah, (died 619, Mecca, Arabia [now in Saudi Arabia]), merchant who was the first wife of the Prophet Muhammad. Little is known about her apart from the posthumous accounts of Muhammad’s life ( sīrah) and teachings ( Hadith ). Khadījah was born in the 6th century ce to merchants of the Quraysh tribe, which ruled Mecca.In Jewish law, although the human soul exists before birth, human life begins at birth, that is, at the time when the child is more than halfway emerged from the mother's body. For more details about the consequences of this doctrine, see Abortion. Judaism completely rejects the notion of original sin. According to Judaism, a child is born pure ...Aug 31, 2023 · Islam, major world religion promulgated by the Prophet Muhammad in Arabia in the 7th century ce. The Arabic term islām, literally “surrender,” illuminates the fundamental religious idea of Islam—that the believer (called a Muslim, from the active particle of islām) accepts surrender to the will of Allah (in Arabic, Allāh: God). Mar 8, 2017 · Islam was actually the first religion to give women rights of inheritance. Meanwhile, women in America and Europe were denied the right to own and manage property until the 18th century. 2. Islam tackled female infanticide 515 BCE - 70 CE: Second Temple period begins. The synagogue and Jewish eschatology can all be traced back to the Second Temple period. 551 BCE: Confucius, founder of Confucianism, was born. [15] 447 BCE: The Parthenon is dedicated to the goddess Athena. 399 BCE: Socrates was tried for impiety.Yet women used these ideas to become more active in the public sphere than ever before, taking prominent roles in all the major reform causes of the era. Women’s participation in the antislavery crusade most directly inspired specific women’s rights campaigns. In this document, Sarah Moore Grimké calls for equality between men and women. 7. Wicca is a broad movement with much internal diversity in its beliefs and practices, in large part because of the absence of any single leader or centralized governing body. Within Wiccan groups it is often considered more important for all members to follow the same ritual procedures than to believe the same thing. The Holocaust. Religion can be a central part of one’s identity. The word religion comes from a Latin word that means “to tie or bind together.”. Modern dictionaries define religion as “an organized system of beliefs and rituals centering on a supernatural being or beings.”. To belong to a religion often means more than sharing its ...Christianity is the most widely practiced religion in the world, with more than 2 billion followers. The Christian faith centers on beliefs regarding the birth, life, death and resurrection of ...Judaism is the oldest surviving monotheistic religion, arising in the eastern Mediterranean in the second millennium B.C.E. Abraham is traditionally considered to be the first Jew and to have made ...Greek religion, religious beliefs and practices of the ancient Hellenes. Greek religion is not the same as Greek mythology, which is concerned with traditional tales, though the two are closely interlinked. Curiously, for a people so religiously minded, the Greeks had no word for religion itself; the nearest terms were eusebeia (“piety ...A woman is an adult female human. [a] [1] [2] Prior to adulthood, a female human is referred to as a girl (a female child or adolescent ). [3] Typically, women inherit a pair of X chromosomes, one from each parent, and are capable of pregnancy and giving birth from puberty until menopause. More generally, sex differentiation of the female fetus ...Nov 7, 2022 · In today's post, we are on a quest to locate and name the seven oldest religions on Earth. So buckle up; it is going to be a bumpy ride! 1. Hinduism (15th – 5th century BCE) A Hindu sadhu boating in the Ganges River of Varanasi, India, a major pilgrimage site for the Hindus. Hinduism is generally believed to be the world's oldest religion and ... Religion, which serves as a reference point for gender norms and expectations, is often seen as institutionalizing and perpetuating patriarchy, thus frustrating many advocates for women’s rights and equality. Often overlooked, early roots of feminism included religious voices, and there are many women and men who work actively for gender ...The role of women in Judaism is determined by the Hebrew Bible, the Oral Law (the corpus of rabbinic literature), by custom, and by cultural factors. Although the Hebrew Bible and rabbinic literature mention various female role models, religious law treats women differently in various circumstances. According to a 2017 study by the Pew Research ... Ancient Persian religion – pre- and post-Zoroaster (c. 1500-1000 BCE) – attributed various events and illnesses to the work of the malevolent deity Ahriman (also known as Angra Mainyu) or to spirits who sometimes advanced his agenda, such as djinn. This belief gave rise to an increase in folk magic and the use of amulets and charms to ward ...515 BCE - 70 CE: Second Temple period begins. The synagogue and Jewish eschatology can all be traced back to the Second Temple period. 551 BCE: Confucius, founder of Confucianism, was born. [15] 447 BCE: The Parthenon is dedicated to the goddess Athena. 399 BCE: Socrates was tried for impiety.Wicca is a broad movement with much internal diversity in its beliefs and practices, in large part because of the absence of any single leader or centralized governing body. Within Wiccan groups it is often considered more important for all members to follow the same ritual procedures than to believe the same thing. May 12, 2020 · The Holocaust. Religion can be a central part of one’s identity. The word religion comes from a Latin word that means “to tie or bind together.”. Modern dictionaries define religion as “an organized system of beliefs and rituals centering on a supernatural being or beings.”. To belong to a religion often means more than sharing its ... Feb 23, 2018 · As shown by the following passages — adapted from Noel Rae’s new book The Great Stain, which uses firsthand accounts to tell the story of slavery in America — for some of them that ... Jun 17, 2022 · The Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibited discrimination based on race, religion, color, or national origin in public places, schools, and employment. However, discrimination based on sex was not initially included in the proposed bill, and was only added as an amendment in Title VII in an attempt to prevent its passage. Congressman Howard Smith (D-VA), Chairman of the Rules Committee and a ... Definition. Religion (from the Latin Religio, meaning 'restraint,' or Relegere, according to Cicero, meaning 'to repeat, to read again,' or, most likely, Religionem, 'to show respect for what is sacred') is an organized system of beliefs and practices revolving around, or leading to, a transcendent spiritual experience.Genuine attempts to protect Muslim women from discrimination through the international models of gender equality and empowerment programs end up alienating local contexts and will be likely unsuccessful without giving the local communities proactive and independent roles. Evidently, the issue of women in Islam is complex and multifaceted. Women in Church history have played a variety of roles in the life of Christianity—notably as contemplatives, health care givers, educationalists and missionaries. Until recent times, women were generally excluded from episcopal and clerical positions within the certain Christian churches; however, great numbers of women have been influential in the life of the church, from contemporaries of ...Aug 12, 2023 · Judaism, monotheistic religion developed among the ancient Hebrews. Judaism is characterized by a belief in one transcendent God who revealed himself to Abraham, Moses, and the Hebrew prophets and by a religious life in accordance with Scriptures and rabbinic traditions. Judaism is the complex phenomenon of a total way of life for the Jewish ... Islam ( / ˈɪslɑːm /; Arabic: ۘالِإسْلَام, al-ʾIslām [ʔɪsˈlæːm] i, transl. "Submission [to the will of God ]") [2] [3] [4] is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion centered on the Quran and the teachings of Muhammad. [5] [6] Adherents of Islam, called Muslims, [7] number approximately 2 billion globally and are the world's ...Sep 19, 2016 · The pagan god is not born of a virgin mother. The birth of the pagan god is the result of a sexual encounter. The parallel exists, but the Christian tradition antedates the pagan mythology. This is, of course, false. Ra is born of a virgin mother, was not conceived sexually, and predates Christian mythology (by a lot). Like many amazing stories, the history of the Women’s Rights Movement began with a small group of people questioning why human lives were being unfairly constricted. A Tea Launches a Revolution. The Women’s Rights Movement marks July 13, 1848 as its beginning.FIRST RELIGION TO GIVE WOMEN RIGHTS. Meanwhile, all across the world, many non-abrahamic faiths had roughly equal or matriarchal societies. 60. level 2. cackmatte. · 8m Never-Muslim Atheist. The "Islam is the first / only religion to do X" annoys me so much.In Jewish law, although the human soul exists before birth, human life begins at birth, that is, at the time when the child is more than halfway emerged from the mother's body. For more details about the consequences of this doctrine, see Abortion. Judaism completely rejects the notion of original sin. According to Judaism, a child is born pure ...Spartan women seem to have married relatively late in comparison to their counterparts elsewhere in Greece. While Athenian women might have expected to marry for the first time around the age of fourteen to men much older than them, Spartan women normally married between the ages of eighteen and twenty to men close to them in age. No. First let’s clarify: women do not have the right to divorce in Islam. They have an option to petition a man to grant them a divorce, by no mean guaranteed. Among the Hadiths is a retelling of a physically abused woman requesting a divorce from Mohammed. Mar 28, 2022 · The Concept of Religion. First published Mon Mar 28, 2022. It is common today to take the concept religion as a taxon for sets of social practices, a category-concept whose paradigmatic examples are the so-called “world” religions of Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism, Confucianism, and Daoism. [ 1] Originally known as the Woman’s Rights Convention, the Seneca Falls Convention fought for the social, civil and religious rights of women. The meeting was held from July 19 to 20, 1848 at the ...Mar 28, 2022 · The Concept of Religion. First published Mon Mar 28, 2022. It is common today to take the concept religion as a taxon for sets of social practices, a category-concept whose paradigmatic examples are the so-called “world” religions of Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism, Confucianism, and Daoism. [ 1] Feb 23, 2018 · As shown by the following passages — adapted from Noel Rae’s new book The Great Stain, which uses firsthand accounts to tell the story of slavery in America — for some of them that ... Genuine attempts to protect Muslim women from discrimination through the international models of gender equality and empowerment programs end up alienating local contexts and will be likely unsuccessful without giving the local communities proactive and independent roles. Evidently, the issue of women in Islam is complex and multifaceted. Before islam women were buried alive, After islam they prevented burying women alive but instead forced them to live in their own moving tomb (hijab), And just because they prevented killing women they considered that as giving women their rights, nothing else.Qur an 2:228. Over fourteen hundred years ago, Islam gave women rights that women in the West have only recently began to enjoy. In the 1930 s, Annie Besant observed, It is only in the last twenty years that Christian England has recognised the right of woman to property, while Islam has allowed this right from all times. It is a slander to say ...Islam was actually the first religion to give women rights of inheritance. Meanwhile, women in America and Europe were denied the right to own and manage property until the 18th century. 2. Islam tackled female infanticideThe First Great Awakening. Religious Pluralism in the Middle Colonies. Church and State in British North America. The Separation of Church and State from the American Revolution to the Early Republic. The Church of England in Early America. Religion, Women, & the Family. Religion & the American Revolution The first and foremost of these is a belief in the Vedas – four texts compiled between the 15th and 5th centuries BCE on the Indian subcontinent, and the faith’s oldest scriptures – which make Hinduism without doubt the oldest religion in existence. It has since evolved into a diverse and flexible tradition, notable, as the scholar Wendy ...Raymond Parks. (m. 1932; died 1977) Signature. Rosa Louise McCauley Parks (February 4, 1913 – October 24, 2005) was an American activist in the civil rights movement best known for her pivotal role in the Montgomery bus boycott. The United States Congress has honored her as "the first lady of civil rights" and "the mother of the freedom ...In 1972, Sally Priesand became the first woman ordained as a rabbi, in the Reform denomination. Women in the Reform, Conservative, Reconstructionist, and Renewal denominations are now able to lead worship services, read the Torah, and give drashes (sermons) just as men do, often contributing a different perspective. Islam Qur an 2:228. Over fourteen hundred years ago, Islam gave women rights that women in the West have only recently began to enjoy. In the 1930 s, Annie Besant observed, It is only in the last twenty years that Christian England has recognised the right of woman to property, while Islam has allowed this right from all times. It is a slander to say ...Zoroastrianism, ancient pre- Islamic religion of Iran that survives there in isolated areas and, more prosperously, in India, where the descendants of Zoroastrian Iranian (Persian) immigrants are known as Parsis, or Parsees. The Iranian prophet and religious reformer Zarathushtra (flourished before the 6th century bce )—more widely known ...e. Religion in the United States began with the religions and spiritual practices of Native Americans. Later, religion also played a role in the founding of some colonies, as many colonists, such as the Puritans, came to escape religious persecution. Historians debate how much influence religion, specifically Christianity and more specifically ... In 1972, Sally Priesand became the first woman ordained as a rabbi, in the Reform denomination. Women in the Reform, Conservative, Reconstructionist, and Renewal denominations are now able to lead worship services, read the Torah, and give drashes (sermons) just as men do, often contributing a different perspective. Islam Aug 24, 2022 · The first and foremost of these is a belief in the Vedas – four texts compiled between the 15th and 5th centuries BCE on the Indian subcontinent, and the faith’s oldest scriptures – which make Hinduism without doubt the oldest religion in existence. It has since evolved into a diverse and flexible tradition, notable, as the scholar Wendy ... Aug. 26, 2023, 4:46 PM ET (AP) women’s rights movement, also called women’s liberation movement, diverse social movement, largely based in the United States, that in the 1960s and ’70s sought equal rights and opportunities and greater personal freedom for women. It coincided with and is recognized as part of the “second wave” of feminism.The first extensive Nordic textual source for the Old Norse Religion was the Poetic Edda. Some of the poetic sources, in particular, the Poetic Edda and skaldic poetry, may have been originally composed by heathens, and Hávamál contains both information on heathen mysticism [32] and what Ursula Dronke referred to as "a round-up of ritual ... The pagan god is not born of a virgin mother. The birth of the pagan god is the result of a sexual encounter. The parallel exists, but the Christian tradition antedates the pagan mythology. This is, of course, false. Ra is born of a virgin mother, was not conceived sexually, and predates Christian mythology (by a lot).Today, the world looks at Islam and jumps to the conclusion that there are no rights for women in Islam. Therefore, this week, as part of Women’s Week on Rad...The first woman ordained by the Association of Evangelical Lutheran Churches, Janith Otte, was ordained in 1977.) According to statements made in 1995 and later, the underground Catholic bishop Felix Maria Davídek, who was a friend of her family, secretly ordained Ludmila Javorová on December 28, 1970.Jan 5, 2018 · Islam is the second largest religion in the world after Christianity, with about 1.8 billion Muslims worldwide. Although its roots go back further, scholars typically date the creation of Islam to ... Judaism is the oldest surviving monotheistic religion, arising in the eastern Mediterranean in the second millennium B.C.E. Abraham is traditionally considered to be the first Jew and to have made ... The Salem witch trials occurred in colonial Massachusetts between early 1692 and mid-1693. More than 200 people were accused of practicing witchcraft—the devil’s magic —and 20 were executed ...Raymond Parks. (m. 1932; died 1977) Signature. Rosa Louise McCauley Parks (February 4, 1913 – October 24, 2005) was an American activist in the civil rights movement best known for her pivotal role in the Montgomery bus boycott. The United States Congress has honored her as "the first lady of civil rights" and "the mother of the freedom ...Feb 23, 2018 · As shown by the following passages — adapted from Noel Rae’s new book The Great Stain, which uses firsthand accounts to tell the story of slavery in America — for some of them that ... First Pilgrimage ("lesser" pilgrimage or "umrah") made by Muhammad and his Muslims to Mecca after migrating to Medina. 629 CE Battle of Mu'tah: Muslims attempt to capture the village east of the Jordan River from the Byzantine Empire to show their expanding dominance, resulting in a Muslim defeat.A woman is an adult female human. [a] [1] [2] Prior to adulthood, a female human is referred to as a girl (a female child or adolescent ). [3] Typically, women inherit a pair of X chromosomes, one from each parent, and are capable of pregnancy and giving birth from puberty until menopause. More generally, sex differentiation of the female fetus ...Hitler believed that all religions were now "decadent"; in Europe it was the "collapse of Christianity that we are now experiencing". The reason for the crisis was science. Hitler, like Stalin, took a very modern view of the incompatibility of religious and scientific explanation.515 BCE - 70 CE: Second Temple period begins. The synagogue and Jewish eschatology can all be traced back to the Second Temple period. 551 BCE: Confucius, founder of Confucianism, was born. [15] 447 BCE: The Parthenon is dedicated to the goddess Athena. 399 BCE: Socrates was tried for impiety.6th century BCE Mahapajapati Gotami, the aunt and foster mother of Buddha, became the first woman to receive Buddhist ordination. [1] [2] 19th century 1815: Clarissa Danforth was ordained in New England. She was the first woman ordained by the Free Will Baptist denomination.The first woman ordained by the Association of Evangelical Lutheran Churches, Janith Otte, was ordained in 1977.) 1972: Sally Priesand became America's first female rabbi ordained by a rabbinical seminary, and the second formally ordained female rabbi in Jewish history, after Regina Jonas.

6th century BCE Mahapajapati Gotami, the aunt and foster mother of Buddha, became the first woman to receive Buddhist ordination. [1] [2] 19th century 1815: Clarissa Danforth was ordained in New England. She was the first woman ordained by the Free Will Baptist denomination. . Glp 1 medications

what religion was the first to give women

Dec 27, 2021 · Islam was the first religion to grant the power of inheritance to women and hence the restriction on the number of wives to divide the property fairly. Islam gives its women these five main rights, most of which the world doesn’t know. Muslim women have the right to inherit property from their father, brother, husband, and son. Chief among these is Mary Magdalene, a woman infamous in Western Christianity as an adulteress and repentant whore. Discoveries of new texts from the dry sands of Egypt, along with sharpened... Hinduism 101: Women and Hinduism. One of the most profound attributes of Hinduism is the recognition and worship of God as feminine. In fact, Hinduism is the only major religion that has always worshipped God in female form and continues to do so today. Many Hindus revere God’s energy, or Shakti, through its personification in a Goddess.Islam is the second largest religion in the world after Christianity, with about 1.8 billion Muslims worldwide. Although its roots go back further, scholars typically date the creation of Islam to ...The main god and goddesses in Roman culture were Jupiter, Juno, and Minerva. Jupiter was a sky-god who Romans believed oversaw all aspects of life; he is thought to have originated from the Greek god Zeus. Jupiter also concentrated on protecting the Roman state. Military commanders would pay homage to Jupiter at his temple after winning in battle.Islam was actually the first religion to give women rights of inheritance. Meanwhile, women in America and Europe were denied the right to own and manage property until the 18th century. 2. Islam tackled female infanticideAug. 26, 2023, 4:46 PM ET (AP) women’s rights movement, also called women’s liberation movement, diverse social movement, largely based in the United States, that in the 1960s and ’70s sought equal rights and opportunities and greater personal freedom for women. It coincided with and is recognized as part of the “second wave” of feminism.The status and role of women in society are important issues for which Islam has provided all related rules, rights and guidance. In fact, in many ways, Islam is the only religion to do so. Not only in the theory, Islam practically uplifted women status nearly 1400 years ago and for the first time in human history she felt her true being.First Pilgrimage ("lesser" pilgrimage or "umrah") made by Muhammad and his Muslims to Mecca after migrating to Medina. 629 CE Battle of Mu'tah: Muslims attempt to capture the village east of the Jordan River from the Byzantine Empire to show their expanding dominance, resulting in a Muslim defeat.Puritanism, a religious reform movement in the late 16th and 17th centuries that was known for the intensity of the religious experience that it fostered. Puritans’ efforts contributed to both civil war in England and the founding of colonies in America. Learn more about Puritanism, its history, and beliefs.The role of women in Judaism is determined by the Hebrew Bible, the Oral Law (the corpus of rabbinic literature), by custom, and by cultural factors. Although the Hebrew Bible and rabbinic literature mention various female role models, religious law treats women differently in various circumstances. According to a 2017 study by the Pew Research ... You left out Australia. In 1894, South Australia was the first state to give women the vote. Australian feminists always claim South Australia was the first place in the world where women could both vote and stand for office (they acknowledge New Zealand’s 1893 vote, women were initially not allowed to stand for office there).Religion in the Middle Ages, though dominated by the Catholic Church, was far more varied than only orthodox Christianity.In the Early Middle Ages (c. 476-1000), long-established pagan beliefs and practices entwined with those of the new religion so that many people who would have identified as Christian would not have been considered so by orthodox authority figures.This entry provides an overview of the topics and discussions in science and religion. Section 1 outlines the scope of both fields, and how they are related. Section 2 looks at the relationship between science and religion in five religious traditions, Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism, and Judaism. Section 3 discusses contemporary topics ...Middle Ages Reformation Early Modern Modern The Neglected History of Women in the Early Church A number of prominent leaders, scholars, and benefactors of the early church were women...First Pilgrimage ("lesser" pilgrimage or "umrah") made by Muhammad and his Muslims to Mecca after migrating to Medina. 629 CE Battle of Mu'tah: Muslims attempt to capture the village east of the Jordan River from the Byzantine Empire to show their expanding dominance, resulting in a Muslim defeat. .

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